i believe when they are around 18 months old. however, they might go longer. i showed a steer at louisville last year that was 22 1/2 months old and he still had his teeth but he was always a late bloomer.
We used to deal with tooth rules in Texas in the 80s. 18 months is a good rule of thumb, but british breeds would often lose them ealier than exotic breeds.
I think it depends on the kind of feed that's being consumed,and probably not studied,but genetics could play a role. Have never had a show steer "lose" his teeth before 20 months,purebred or exotic.But I know it happens.
I have heard folks going nuts that their animals were mouthed at being over the age of 2 years (meaning they were then ‘checked’) when their records clearly showed them being much younger.
Around 18 months is the role, but… I would have to guess there are a lot of genetic/environmental factors that come into play aswell.